Birnbaum

Черниговъ
Chernihiv
Chernigov

Although Chernigov Чернігів was first mentioned in the Rus'-Byzantine Treaty of 907, it probably existed in the ninth century, as archaeological excavations uncovered a settlement which included the artifacts from the Khazar Khaganate.
Chernigov Чернігів was located in the southern portion of the Kievan Rus, and was the second most important city.
From the early eleventh century, it was the seat of powerful Grand Principality of Chernigov, whose rulers at times vied for power with Kievan Grand Princes, and often overthrew them and took the primary seat in Kiev for themselves.
The grand principality was the largest in Kievan Rus and included not only the Severian towns but even such remote regions as Murom, Ryazan and Tmutarakan.
The golden age of Chernigov Чернігів lasted until 1239, when the city was sacked by the hordes of Batu Khan, which started a long period of relative obscurity.
In 1353, the area fell under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
In 1482 and 1497, Chernigov Чернігів was burned again by Crimean khan Meñli I Giray.
In the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries it changed hands several times between Lithuania, Muscovy (1408–1420 and from 1503), and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1618–1648), where it was granted Magdeburg rights in 1623 and in 1635 became a seat of Czernihów Voivodship.
In the middle of the seventeenth century during and after the Khmelnytsky Uprising, the area's importance increased again.
In the Hetman State, Chernihiv Чернігів was the city of deployment of Chernigov Чернігів Cossack regiment.