Birnbaum

Тернопіль
Ternopil
Tarnopol
Тернополь
Ternopol
Cebrów
טרנופול

Ternopii, formerly known as Cebrów, is a city in western Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret River.
Ternopil is one of three main cities of Eastern Galicia. It is located approximately 132 kilometres (82 mi) east of Lviv.
During World War I the city passed from German and Austrian forces to Russia several times.
In 1917 it was burnt down by fleeing Russian forces.
After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire the city was proclaimed part of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on 11 November 1918.
During the Polish-Ukrainian War, Ternopii was the country's capital from 22 November to 30 December after Lviv was captured by Polish forces.
After the act of union between Western-Ukrainian Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR), Ternopil formally passed under the UPR's control.
On 15 July 1919 the city was captured by Polish forces.
In 1920 the exiled Ukrainian government of Symon Petlura accepted the Polish control of Ternopil and of the entire area in exchange for the Polish assistance in restoration of Petlura's government in Kyiv.
In July and August 1920, Ternopil was captured by the Red Army during the Polish-Soviet War and served as the capital of the Galician Soviet Socialist Republic.
By the terms of the Riga Treaty that ended the Polish-Soviet War, the Soviet Russia recognized the Polish control of the area.
From 1922 to September 1939, it was the capital of the Tarnopol voivodship that consisted of 17 powiats.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, there were 300 Jewish families in Ternopil.
In the 17th century, most of Tarnopol's Jewish residents were driven out or killed, when the cityl was almost wiped from the map in the Chmielnicki Uprising.
After John III of Poland subdued the Cossacks, Tarnopol again prospered and the Jewish population exceeded prior numbers, and became noted for the Chasidim, who made up the majority of the community.
In 1772, Tarnopol came under Austrian rule as part of the First Partition of Poland.
Joseph Perl led efforts to improve the condition of the Jews.
In 1813 he established a Jewish school, the Tempel für Geregelten Gottesdienst, which had for its chief object the instruction of Jewish youth in German, as well as in Hebrew.
Conflict arose between the traditional Chasidim and the modernizing Maskilim regarding the school.
Rabbi, S.J. Rapoport, was forced to withdraw.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, he Jews of Tarnopol were principally engaged in the import and export trade with Russia, through the border city of Podwoloczysa.
In June 1941, Tarnopol became German-occupied territory in the German offensive eastward.
One hundred and eighty Jews were shot in Tarnopol early in the German occupation; tens of thousands of Polish Jews were slaughtered as German forces occupied more of eastern Poland.
The Red Army represented liberation for the Jewish survivors of German totalitarianism.