Haapalah / Aliyah Bet

Тернополь
Тернопіль
Ternopol
Tarnopol
Ternopil
טרנופול
Ternopil Тернопіль is one of three main cities of Eastern Galicia גאליציע, is located in western Ukraine, on the banks of the Seret Серет River, a tributary of the Dniester Дністер River.

In 1540, Ternopil Тернопіль was founded, by Jan Amor Tarnowski, as a Polish military stronghold and a castle.
From its beginnings, Ternopil Тернопіль was settled by Polish Jews, who soon formed a majority
In 1544, the Ternopil Тернопіль castle was completed, and repelled its first Tatar attacks.
In 1548, Ternopil Тернопіль was granted city rights by King Sigismund I of Poland.
In 1567, Ternopil Тернопіль passed to the Ostrogski family.
In 1575, Ternopil Тернопіль was plundered by Tatars.
In 1623, Ternopil Тернопіль passed to the Zamoyski family.
In 1675.Ternopil Тернопіль was almost completely destroyed by the Turks and, Tatars.
Ternopil Тернопіль was rebuilt by Ternopil Тернопіль, but it did not recover its previous glory until it passed to Marie Casimire, wife of King Jan III Sobieski, in 1690.
In 1694, the city was later sacked for the last time by Tatars.

In 1710, Ternopil Тернопіль was sacked by the Russians, once during the Great Northern War,
In 1733, Ternopil Тернопіль was sacked, during the War of the Polish Succession.
In 1747, Jozef Potocki invited the Dominicans, who founded the baroque Dominican Church (today the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of The Blessed Virgin Mary of the Ternopil-Zboriv eparchy of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.
From 1768 to 1772, Ternopil Тернопіль was looted three times during the Confederation of Bar, by the confederates themselves, by the kings army and by Russians.
In 1770, Ternopil Тернопіль was devastated by an outbreak of smallpox.
In 1772, Ternopil Тернопіль came under Austrian rule as part of the First Partition of Poland.

In 1809, Ternopil Тернопіль became part of the Duchy of Warsaw, but 2 years later, the region came under Russian rule, creating the Ternopil Тернопіль krai.
Joseph Perl led efforts to improve the condition of the Jews.
In 1813 he established a Jewish school, the Tempel für Geregelten Gottesdienst, which had for its chief object the instruction of Jewish youth in German, as well as in Hebrew.
Conflict arose between the traditional Chasidim and the modernizing Maskilim regarding the school, and the rabbi, S.J. Rapoport, was forced to withdraw.
In 1815, Ternopil Тернопільl, then a city of 11,000 residents, was returned to Austrian rule, in accordance with the Congress of Vienna.
In 1820, Jesuits, expelled from Polatsk by the Russians, established a gymnasium.
In 1870, a rail line connected Ternopil Тернопіль with Lviv.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Jews of Ternopil Тернопіль were principally engaged in the import and export trade with Russia, through the border city of Podwoloczysa.
During World War I, Ternopil Тернопіль passed from German and Austrian forces to Russia several times.
In 1917, Ternopil Тернопіль was burnt down by fleeing Russian forces.

In June 1941, Ternopil Тернопіль, traditionally part of Poland, then part of the Soviet Union, became German-occupied territory in the German offensive eastward.
One hundred and eighty Jews were shot in Tarnopol early in the German occupation; tens of thousands of Polish Jews were slaughtered as German forces occupied larger swaths of the former eastern Poland.
The Red Army represented liberation for the Jewish survivors of German totalitarianism.
On April 15, 1944, the Soviet Red Army occupied Ternopil Тернопіль.